Newsletter of Precarpathian University. Politology
THE CONTRIBUTION OF POLITICAL SCIENCE TO THE EDUCATION OF CONTEMPORARY UKRAINE: ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS OF THE CARPATHIAN REGION (IN COMMEMORATION OF THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE POLITICAL SCIENCE PROGRAM AT VASYL STEFANYK СARPATHIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
The article examines the functioning of the Department of Political Sciences at the Faculty of History, Political Science, and International Relations of the Vasyl Stefanyk Carpathian National University as an educational and research hub that shapes students’ professional competencies and political culture. It analyzes the department’s educational strategies, research programs, and pedagogical practices, particularly their impact on the development of critical thinking, civic engagement, and an interdisciplinary approach to the study of political processes. Special attention is paid to the interconnection between scholarly research and the practical training of future political experts, the effectiveness of international cooperation, and the department’s role in consolidating democratic values and fostering civil society. Based on an analysis of publications, conferences, and faculty projects, it is concluded that the department functions not only as an educational structure but also as a strategic intellectual center that cultivates future leaders in the political, governmental, and media spheres of Ukraine, particularly in the Ivano-Frankivsk region.
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POLITICAL DECISIONS IN THE DIGITAL AGE: СHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR STATE COMMUNICATIONS
The article examines the specific features of political decision-making in the digital age and their impact on the system of state communications. It is demonstrated that digitalization is not only a technical factor of modernizing governance processes but also a political resource that ensures transparency of state activity, accountability of public authorities, and effective interaction with citizens. Based on the analysis of Ukraine’s digital transformation experience, key initiatives are considered, including the Diia digital platform as the “state in a smartphone” concept, the Prozorro public procurement system, and the institution of electronic petitions. These instruments have provided new formats of communication between the state and society, contributed to greater openness, interactivity, and democratic participation of citizens. Special attention is given to the role of state communications, which, under conditions of digitalization, implement traditional functions – conservative, coordinating, integrative, mobilizing, and socializing – in new forms grounded in information and communication technologies. The main challenges of the digital age for political decisions are identified: information wars and disinformation, digital populism, information overload, and cyberattacks on critical infrastructure. It is emphasized that these threats undermine trust in institutions, distort the analytical basis of decision-making, and may lead to the destabilization of the political system. The article concludes that the combination of digital technologies with democratic institutional mechanisms will determine the quality of political governance and the legitimacy of power in the 21st century. The Ukrainian experience confirms that digital tools are capable of creating effective models of state–society interaction, enhancing transparency, and fostering trust, while at the same time requiring the development of a national strategy for digital resilience and information security.
PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF CHARISMA OF THE IMAGE OF A POLITICAL LEADER
This article examines the contemporary psychological aspects of charismatic leadership. Charisma and the image of a political leader are complex psychological components that play a crucial role in the effectiveness and influence they exert on voters. They are inextricably linked and complement each other, forming a general image of a leader in society. In the information age, psychological methods of political image formation are used to create images of charismatic leaders. These methods allow the creation of artificial images of politicians that are widely distributed among citizens. The emission of charismatic qualities is crucial for political leadership. Although charisma may be an innate trait, its manifestation and impact largely depend on how it is expressed through images. On the other hand, carefully created images can enhance a leader’s charismatic qualities or even compensate for their absence, endowing him with charismatic characteristics. For example, oratory, a component of charisma, can be enhanced and expressed through sophisticated verbal imagery. Imagery is a deliberately constructed image of a person that influences the audience’s perception. It encompasses both objective characteristics and subjective interpretations. Charisma and image are powerful tools of psychological influence that allow political leaders to effectively communicate with voters, mobilize them, shape public opinion, and achieve political goals. The formation of a charismatic personality precedes the formation of an image of a charismatic leader. To achieve political leadership with a charismatic personality, it is necessary to act in accordance with the politics of perception and actively use psychological methods.
THE POVERTY OF PRIMORDIALISM AND THE RELATIVITY OF CONSTRUCTIVISM – PROBLEMOUS ISSUES OF APPROACHES TO THE RESEARCH OF NATIONAL IDENTITY
The article analyzes two main scientific approaches to the study of national identity – primordialism and social constructivism. Based on the classical scientific works of foreign scholars E. Shils, С. Geertz, B. Ambedkar, P. Van den Bergh, J.D. Eller and R.M. Coghlan, P. James, P. Berger, T. Luckman and modern Ukrainian researchers M. Stepyko, M. Kozlovets and N. Kostenko, it is shown that primordialism, despite its influence on the scientific discourse of the mid-20th century, has lost its explanatory potential due to essentialism, a priori statements and irrationality. At the same time, social constructivism has opened up wider opportunities for studying the essence, factors of formation and socio-political dynamics of identity, but has revealed several problematic issues, in particular regarding the boundaries and mechanisms of construction, especially in the context of the formation of identity policy. The methodological basis of the article is comparative and historical-genetic methods, discourse analysis and elements of a systemic approach. As a result, it is substantiated that modern studies of national identity require going beyond primordialist reductions, avoiding constructivist relativizations and finding effective solutions for the formation of sustainable and effective state policy in the field of national identity affirmation, as well as in the field of information security and nationalpatriotic education.
INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TO PREVENTING COLLABORATIONISM: LESSONS FOR STRENGTHENING UKRAINE’S NATIONAL SECURITY
In the context of the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the problem of collaborationism has become particularly acute, turning into a serious threat to internal stability, civil unity and national security. Existing approaches to preventing collaborationism in the Ukrainian legal field remain fragmentary and mainly repressive, while international experience demonstrates the need for a comprehensive approach that combines legal, institutional, informational and humanitarian instruments. In this regard, there is a need for a critical analysis of foreign practices to form a balanced and effective model of countering collaborationism in Ukraine. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to analyze international approaches to preventing collaborationism, identify their strengths and limitations, and formulate practical recommendations on the basis of this to improve the state policy of Ukraine in the field of national security. Methods. The study used a combination of general scientific and special methods, in particular: system analysis – to study the regulatory and legal mechanisms for countering collaborationism; comparative method – to compare the approaches of different countries (France, Israel, Estonia, South Korea); institutional analysis – to assess the effectiveness of the involved state policy actors; content analysis – to analyze the information component of collaborationism. Results. The study found that effective countering collaborationism in international practice is based on a combination of preventive measures, legal certainty in the formulation of the elements of crimes, transparent procedures for bringing to justice and reintegration programs. It was determined that critical factors for increasing the stability of the state are information security, the development of patriotic consciousness, and the creation of an analytical infrastructure for identifying threats. Recommendations are formulated for adapting international experience into Ukrainian policy, including the need to update legislation, develop educational programs, and strengthen information sovereignty. Conclusions. Collaborationism is a complex socio-legal category that requires systematic understanding in the context of modern security challenges. Ukraine has the potential to form an effective policy to counter this phenomenon, but this requires harmonization of the regulatory framework, strengthening institutional capacity, and the introduction of interdisciplinary approaches involving the best international practices. Prospects for further research lie in a deeper analysis of the practical implementation of the proposed measures and their impact on the level of national security in the short and medium term.
FORMATION OF THE STATE INFORMATION POLICY OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF RAPPROCHEMENT WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION
The article examines the issues of ensuring information security in Ukraine in the context of increasing disinformation influence. Disinformation is used to destabilize the internal situation, weaken trust in state authorities, manipulate public opinion, and create a favorable environment for external influence. The focus is on the study of national and international approaches to the formation of a system of response to disinformation influences, including legal, institutional and technological tools. The role of state information policy and the activities of bodies responsible for the protection of the information space are separately considered. An analysis of the current regulatory and legal framework for information security in Ukraine was carried out and its strengths and weaknesses were identified. A number of recommendations are proposed to improve the national strategy for countering disinformation, in particular through the development of strategic communications, increasing the level of media literacy of the population, implementing digital hygiene, and establishing effective interagency and international cooperation.
THE EVOLUTION OF MANIPULATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTORAL PROCESSES: CHALLENGES FOR DEMOCRACY
The article examines the evolution of manipulative technologies in parliamentary electoral processes and their impact on democratic institutions. The study traces the transformation of political influence methods: from traditional forms of propaganda, such as printed agitation, radio, and television broadcasts, to modern digital tools, including targeted advertising, automated bots, trolling, artificial intelligence, deepfakes, and hypernudging. It is demonstrated that in the 21st century, disinformation campaigns have reached an industrial scale, leveraging the resources of social media, political consultants, and sometimes external actors. These methods undermine trust in electoral processes, exacerbate societal polarization, and threaten the legitimacy of democratic procedures. Special attention is given to the mechanisms of influence, particularly the use of emotional appeals (fear, anger, pride), microtargeting based on big data, and the creation of manipulative narratives and symbolism. The article analyzes key examples, such as the 2016 election campaigns (Brexit, U.S. elections) and the Ukrainian context (2019 elections), where disinformation attacks combined internal and external factors. It is noted that modern technologies, particularly artificial intelligence, significantly enhance the effectiveness of manipulations, posing new challenges such as deepfake videos and algorithmic behavior control (hypernudging), which threaten voter autonomy. The need for new regulatory approaches is argued, including enhancing the transparency of political advertising, promoting media literacy, and updating legislation. In Ukraine, given the experience of information warfare, the focus is on countering hybrid threats and strengthening institutional resilience. The study systematizes types of manipulative technologies by historical periods and influence mechanisms, offering generalizations for developing effective countermeasures. The work emphasizes that preserving democratic values in the digital age requires rapid adaptation to technological changes, including the establishment of legal and societal barriers against information abuses.
The article examines the formation of Ukraine’s state information policy in the context of its approach toward the European Union. The main areas requiring additional attention are highlighted, and the impact of the war on the development of the state information policy is analyzed. Ukraine’s information policy is one of the key components in implementing the country’s European integration course, as the entire process of integration into the European Union systems is accompanied by the adaptation of the national information policy to European norms and standards, as well as the implementation of the EU legal framework into domestic legislation. Therefore, particular attention is paid to the specifics of its implementation in the context of European integration, taking into account the challenges the country has faced.
FEATURES OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN STATE AUTHORITIES AND LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN UKRAINE DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD
This article examines the features of the interaction between local government bodies and local selfgovernment bodies in Ukraine at the current stage of state formation. It has been clarified that the key factor in the transformation of this interaction was the decentralization reform, which significantly expanded the powers of territorial communities in the area of financial provision, management of land resources, and organization of public services. At the same time, institutional duality remains at the regional and district levels, where local state administrations and representative self-government bodies operate simultaneously, leading to competition over powers and certain management conflicts. The article emphasizes the positive trends following the implementation of the decentralization reform, which include an increase in the financial independence of communities, the expansion of inter-municipal cooperation, the development of the institute of elders, as well as the introduction of digital management tools. Despite this, the reform of decentralization of power has not been fully implemented, as the local state administrations remain a quite influential institution over local self-government, which should have been replaced by prefectures with oversight functions rather than direct influence at the local level. The article separately highlights both the positive changes in the implementation of the decentralization of power reform, particularly regarding the change of powers related to expanding the functions of local self-government bodies, as well as a number of shortcomings that should be taken into account by the authorized persons for its full, rather than partial, realization. Overall, in the long term, the key tasks remain to complete the administrative-territorial reform, implement the prefectural model with a focus on the oversight functions of state representatives, as well as to form a new model of partnership between the state and local self-government.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE PEACE CONCEPT IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN POLITICAL THOUGHT FROM THE ANCIENT WORLD TO THE MODERN AGE
The notion of peace as a fundamental value of human civilisation has historically been a subject of reflection among theorists of political science and international relations. Over the centuries, the concept of peace has experienced a significant evolution. The Hebrew ‘salom’, Greek ‘eirene’ and Latin ‘pax’ originally meant a normal state of affairs, social justice, freedom and harmony. Medieval Christianity (T. Aquinas), recognised the divine origin of states and thus preached the sacralisation of warfare. In the late medieval period, the mounting pressure from Islamic civilization and the need to end internecine conflicts between Christian states spurred interest in the study of peace. During the Enlightenment, thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes viewed the social contract as a means to overcome the ‘war of all against all’ and to establish the state as the guarantor of peace. The German philosopher I. Kant proposed the concept of ‘perpetual peace’, suggesting that the establishment of an ideal political system and a federation of states were to lead to universal peace. In the nineteenth century, three main areas of war analysis emerged: ‘pacifism’, “apologetics” and ‘pluralism’. Supporters of pacifism believed that warfare caused immense suffering to humanity and should be rejected as a legitimate social practice. Apologists for war, often influenced by social Darwinism, argued that conflict was an inherent aspect of human society, with warfare representing the highest manifestation of the struggle for survival. Pluralists, associated with a range of socio-political ideologies from evolutionism to Marxism, acknowledged the historically positive role of warfare in shaping societies. However, they regarded war as a vestige of barbarism and anticipated its eventual disappearance. W. Wilson’s political idealism emphasized the right of peoples to self-determination and the belief that lasting peace among states depended on how international relations were organized. He also advocated for the establishment of an international organization charged with maintaining global peace and adopting a disarmament program. In the early twentieth century, the concept of peace was largely understood as merely the absence of war. It focused on specific conditions for resolving international conflicts, but had not become the subject of scientific inquiry.
POLITICAL AND LEGAL STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTING HORIZONTAL PRACTICES IN UKRAINIAN CIVIL SOCIETY
The article analyzes political and legal strategies to promote the development of horizontal practices in Ukraine as a key indicator of democratic progress and institutional maturity of civil society. The main legal mechanisms supporting horizontal interaction are considered, including the regulatory framework, institutional instruments and political initiatives designed to strengthen the role of non-state forms of self-organization. Particular attention is paid to identifying the challenges that the state faces in the process of implementing such strategies: fragmentation of legal support, weak inter-sectoral coordination, limited resources and inertia of the bureaucratic apparatus. The study also outlines the current state of horizontal practices in Ukraine, analyzes examples of successful community mobilization, grassroots initiatives and alternative forms of political participation. Based on this, directions for improving the political and legal approach are proposed, in particular through strengthening institutional support, developing legal culture and integrating horizontal mechanisms into state policy.
ABUSE OF RESTRICTIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS UNDER MARTIAL LAW: THREATS AND CONSEQUENCES FOR DEMOCRACY
The legal regime of martial law has a direct and significant impact on the functioning of democratic institutions in Ukraine, including the realization of human and civil rights and freedoms. Understanding this is important both for studying the specifics of political processes in times of war and for the prospects of strengthening democratic foundations in post-war Ukraine, and is therefore relevant, scientifically and practically significant. The purpose of this article is to study the peculiarities of the exercise of constitutional rights and freedoms by citizens in conditions of martial law, the legal basis for their restriction, probable and actual attempts to abuse power for this purpose, and their consequences for the present and future democratic system of the state. General scientific and special political science methods were used; the comparative legal method made it possible to identify the fundamental provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine regarding guarantees and restrictions of human and civil rights and freedoms, their concretization in current legislative acts, the peculiarities of their application under martial law, and the inadmissibility of abuse. The legal grounds and political motives for the introduction of martial law in Ukraine are analyzed. The facts presented regarding restrictions on individual rights in the context of full-scale aggression by the Russian Federation, as well as considerations regarding the appropriateness of restricting political rights, the right to information, and the right to freedom of movement, are outlined. Emphasis is placed on the ambiguous attitude of politicians and citizens towards the introduction of martial law in 2018 and 2022–2025. The inadmissibility of abuse of power by state authorities to restrict these rights and the manipulative nature of justifying their need or denying them in political discourse are highlighted. It has been proven that the current legislation of Ukraine establishes the foundations for the general functioning of the legal regime of martial law, and the restrictions on the implementation of constitutional restrictions on citizens established by Ukrainian legislation are, in our opinion, sufficiently comprehensive, and their expansion is not advisable. Any abuse of these restrictions or attempts to do so undoubtedly pose a threat to the foundations of the democratic system and national security of the state and are therefore unacceptable. The activities of numerous political parties and other public associations, state authorities, and local self-government bodies should be directed toward this goal.
INSTRUMENTS OF E-DEMOСRACY IN THE IVANO-FRANKIVSK URBAN COMMUNITY: SOCIAL PRACTICES AND CONDITIONS FOR EFFECTIVENESS
The article analyzes the essence, types and mechanisms of applying e-democracy instruments in the Ivano-Frankivsk urban community, with particular attention to participatory budgeting and electronic petitions. It examines social practices and the specific features of implementing e-democracy opportunities. The experience of using appropriate tools to solve the city’s defining problems and increase the civic activity of residents is systematized. The possibilities of influencing communication activity on political decision-making at the local level are shown. The influence of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the nature of usage and the strategic objectives of e-democracy tools is outlined. The study identifies criteria and mechanisms for enhancing the effectiveness of e-democracy practices at the local level.
SOCIO-POLITICAL SOURCES OF STUDYING CIVIC EDUCATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CRIMINAL CASE OF THE SISTER IVANNA (ROMANNA KOZUB) OF THE CONGREGATION SISTERS SERVANTS IMMACULATE VIRGIN MARY)
In the scientific article, the authors analyze the criminal case initiated by the soviet secret services in 1949 against sister Ivanna (in secular life Romanna Kozub) of the Congregation Sisters Servants Immaculate Virgin Mary. The authors state that currently the evidence about this religious figure is fragmentary, and only some materials from the history of this Congregation have been introduced into scientific use. The authors of the article seek to determine the degree of informativeness of this criminal case as a primary source in the context of studying topics from the discipline “Civic Education” in general secondary education institutions. The authors believe that the proposed material can be useful in general secondary education institutions, highlighting the conceptual thesis that the state is formed as one of the institutions of society, which is designed to ensure its further development, security, and stability. Thus, the observance, guaranteeing and protection of human rights and freedoms primarily depends on the state.
ANTI-CORRUPTION STRATEGIES OF EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
The article examines the problem of corruption as one of the key threats to global and regional development in the 21st century. Its causes, forms and consequences in the modern world are analyzed. The challenges faced by states and other subjects of international relations in the fight against corruption are identified. The role of international organizations (both governmental and non-governmental) in the field of preventing and combating corruption is analyzed. International anti-corruption standards are characterized. Mechanisms and technologies for combating corruption are considered. The effectiveness of anti-corruption strategies in the activities of the UN, EU, GRECO, Council of Europe, OECD, and non-governmental organizations is emphasized. The determining role of consolidated international cooperation in combating and preventing corruption is substantiated. The anti-corruption strategies of European institutions and international and regional organizations are studied as a set of measures aimed at preventing corrupt practices and strengthening international cooperation in combating corruption at the regional, national and global levels. The anti-corruption policy of the European Union, the main EU institutions, and international organizations is analyzed. The spectrum of anti-corruption technologies is outlined. Effective international mechanisms and tools for combating corruption are analyzed. Attention is focused on the importance of transparency, accountability, legal responsibility and consolidated international cooperation as key factors in the effective fight against corruption at the global, regional and national levels.
TERRITORY AS A POLITICAL CATEGORY: GENESIS, TRANSFORMATION, AND MODERN CHALLENGES
The article is dedicated to the analysis of the evolution of the concept of “territory” as a fundamental category of political science. From the initial perceptions of territory as a space for survival and a resource for early communities to the classical Westphalian model of territorial sovereignty, it has gradually transformed into a key political category that defines the architecture of the international order. The article explores how territory is being reconceptualized in the context of modern hybrid conflicts, where the struggle is waged simultaneously in the physical, informational, and cyber spaces. The article argues that the contemporary understanding of territory extends far beyond geographical and legal definitions. It is transforming into a political construct that combines sovereignty, identity, security, and global network interactions.
THEORETICAL DIMENSION OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY TRANSFORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF POLYCENTRICITY OF THE GLOBAL ORDER
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of contemporary theoretical concepts of international security in the context of the polycentric transformation of the global order. The main theoretical models of the security order – world polity, unipolar, multipolar, regional-unipolar, unipolar, synergistic, and institutional-complex – are considered, taking into account changes in the structure of international relations, the strengthening of the role of non-state actors, and the crisis of traditional intergovernmental organizations. Particular attention is paid to approaches that go beyond state-centrism and offer new analytical frameworks for studying security in a globalized and interdependent world.
EDUCATIONAL MECHANISMS OF THE ROMA ETHNIC GROUP SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN THE VISEGRAD FOUR COUNTRIES
The article analyzes and compares educational mechanisms for the social integration of Roma in the Visegrad Four countries. Social integration is important for all population groups for ensuring stability and development at both the micro and macro levels of state functioning. National and ethnic minorities often are the additional opportunities, bridges, and at the same time stumbling blocks in society in the context of harmonious coexistence, cooperation, etc. National minorities and ethnic groups are an aspect of social functioning to which the Council of Europe and the European Union pay significant attention, trying to implement in various contexts one of their basic principles – unity in diversity. At the same time, the issue of national and ethnic minorities is one of the most popular topics of modern scientific research and management practices. Developed democratic states, including European countries from different regions, have their own peculiarities in the formation and implementation of policy models regarding national minorities and ethnic groups, depending on the ethnic structure of the population, the characteristics of ethno-national relations and challenges, and state interests. The Visegrad Four countries also have their own successful examples and mechanisms, having developed and implementing management practices in the field of ethnopolitics, regarding national and ethnic minorities, including the Roma ethnic group.
EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL AND LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING SOCIAL SECURITY IN UKRAINE
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the social security system in Ukraine as one of the key elements of national security. The author reveals the essence of social security as a holistic mechanism for protecting the vital interests of citizens in the field of social protection, employment, healthcare, pension provision and support for socially vulnerable categories of the population. It is determined that social security in the context of hybrid challenges, armed aggression against Ukraine, economic instability and aggravation of the humanitarian situation is gaining particular relevance. Modern legal mechanisms for ensuring social security are analyzed, in particular the regulatory framework, state social protection programs, labor and employment policies, as well as measures to combat poverty and social exclusion. Particular attention is paid to the problems facing the Ukrainian social protection system in connection with the war: internal population displacement, an increase in the number of people in need of assistance, a decrease in labor activity, a decrease in the state’s financial resources. It is shown that current challenges require not only an operational response, but also a strategic rethinking of conceptual approaches to the formation of social policy. The article considers the prospects for strengthening the social stability of the state, improving the legislative framework, digitalization of social services and the formation of partnerships between the state, civil society and international organizations. The author justifies the need to integrate social security into the general discourse of security policy and offers recommendations for building a more flexible, effective and people-centered model of social protection in Ukraine in the conditions of a prolonged crisis.
THE DILEMMA OF LIMITED SOVEREIGNTY AS A CHALLENGE TO THE INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF FROZEN CONFLICTS
The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of limited sovereignty as a key challenge in the settlement of frozen conflicts in the post-Soviet space. The authors analyze the concept of sovereignty through the prism of international law and theories of international relations, emphasizing the differences between formal authority and effective control, which determines the existence of «zones of limited statehood». Particular attention is paid to the Georgian case, where international mediation, in particular through the agreements of 1992 and 1994, institutionalized political non-settlement and consolidated the pattern of a stalemate. The article shows how peacekeeping interventions, despite the intention of stabilization, create conditions for the preservation of the conflict, providing the parties with resources and legitimacy, while at the same time increasing dependence on external actors. The decisions of the UN, EU and CIS are analyzed, which, by effectively legitimizing the Russian military presence, contributed to the consolidation of «gray zones» on the territory of Georgia. The authors emphasize the contradictory role of the EU and the US, which declared support for Georgia’s sovereignty, but in practice demonstrated concessions to Moscow in order to avoid confrontation. Particular attention is paid to the «Medvedev-Sarkozy Plan» of 2008, which ended the hot phase of the war, but was not ratified and left the conflict legally unsettled. The work concludes that the lack of effective mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of agreements, disagreements between the positions of international institutions and tolerance of the participation of the patron state in peacekeeping processes create conditions for a persistent limitation of sovereignty. This calls into question the effectiveness of the modern architecture of international security in resolving frozen conflicts and requires the development of new approaches to ensuring the territorial integrity of states.
EUROPEAN SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR: GLOBAL AND REGIONAL DIMENSIONS
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the transformative impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the functioning of key international security institutions and presents the author’s vision of the prospects for the formation of an updated model of the system of international relations in the post-conflict period. The full-scale military invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine in 2022 revealed a number of systemic vulnerabilities of global and regional security structures, in particular their limited ability to respond promptly to acts of aggression, effectively ensure collective security and deter violations of international law. The focus of the study is on such international organizations as the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, NATO and the European Union. Their response to the challenges generated by the full-scale conflict is analyzed in terms of the effectiveness of actions, speed of decision-making, manifestations of international solidarity and the ability to institutional adaptation in conditions of a protracted war. Particular attention is paid to determining the functional role of international institutions in the context of providing support to Ukraine – in particular, security guarantees, humanitarian and military assistance, legal condemnation of the aggressor and consolidation of the principle of responsibility for war crimes. The study demonstrates the need for a radical revision of existing approaches to the architecture of international security and political and legal mechanisms for guaranteeing sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of states. The war in Ukraine became a critical catalyst that not only demonstrated a deep crisis of the traditional system of deterring aggression, but also actualized the issue of rethinking international law, updating security formats and creating new coalitions based on values. As a result, conceptual guidelines for the possible evolution of international relations are outlined, which should take into account the growing role of hybrid threats, the instability of the geopolitical environment and the need to strengthen the collective responsibility of the international community for maintaining peace, stability and law and order in the world.
GLOBAL AUTHORIZATION STANDARD AND UKRAINIAN STATE INFRASTRUCTURE: REVIEW, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES
The article explores the Diia OAuth component of Ukraine’s Integrated Electronic Identification System (ID.GOV.UA) as one of the key elements necessary for the practical implementation of the «Government as a Platform» concept (Tim O’Reilly) [5]. This concept envisions the state focusing on the creation of core digital infrastructure – open registries, standardized APIs, and electronic identification services – while an ecosystem of private and civic developers builds end-user applications for citizens. Special attention is given to Diia OAuth, which functions as a state API gateway for secure user authentication and authorization, enabling developers to integrate verified identification data into their own digital services. The findings confirm that Diia OAuth, while maintaining compatibility with the core logic of the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow, also reflects local legal and architectural requirements. At the same time, the absence of the scope parameter in the national implementation raises concerns, as this parameter is essential for flexible permission granularity and gives the authorization process depth beyond simple authentication. The use of international standards fosters an open environment where the private sector can develop innovative digital services that enhance the effectiveness of public services and contribute to technological progress, particularly in areas such as electronic voting. The practical value of the study lies in formulating recommendations for further standardization of government APIs and for supporting the developer ecosystem. Particular attention is paid to the three-level trust model, which combines the technical robustness of the protocol with the legal significance of identification data.
MECHANISMS AND FORMS OF ENSURING INFORMATION SECURITY IN TIMES OF CRISIS
The article clarifies the essence of the concept of «information security». The views of scientists on the essence of this concept and the features of social security at the state and regional levels are summarized. The importance of properly ensuring the protection of the information space in times of crisis and war is considered. The issue of mechanisms and forms of ensuring information security in times of crisis is considered. The problem of information security is extremely important and requires priority attention. The purpose of the article is to define and characterize the mechanisms and forms of ensuring information security in times of military-political conflict.
COMMUNICATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES WITH VOTERS IN THE REGIONS: THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA
The article is devoted to the study of the interaction of political parties with voters in the regions and the role of mass media in this process. The participation of political parties in the political process is inextricably linked to the need to communicate directly with voters on the ground. For this, various means of communication are used. A complete and comprehensive presentation of a political party’s main positions, taking into account the needs of voters, is the basis for a political party’s struggle for a seat in parliament. The activities of political parties are aimed at supporting political stability and the image of the party, therefore, the communication of political parties with voters is not limited to «pre-election promises», but also includes post-election interactions with citizens and their involvement in the party’s activities. Important in this is maintaining feedback with voters and adapting party policies to changes in society and the economy.
FEATURES OF THE FUNCTIONING OF CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS IN TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES (EXPERIENCE OF IVANO-FRANKIVSK REGION)
The article examines models of effective activity of civil society institutions within territorial communities, using the Ivano-Frankivsk region as a case study. It reveals the theoretical and methodological foundations of civil society and describes its structure and functions. The specificity of the activities of public organizations, volunteer initiatives, and political parties is analyzed in the context of decentralization processes, along with their role in ensuring social cohesion, transparent governance, and democratic community development. Through statistical analysis, the structure of the civic sector and party activity at the local level is presented, allowing for the identification of patterns and problematic areas. Particular attention is paid to the work of volunteer organizations as vital agents of social mobilization and solidarity, especially in times of crisis. The article emphasizes effective approaches to organizing the work of civil society institutions, highlights best practices from communities in the Prykarpattia region, and offers recommendations for improving the effectiveness of cooperation between the public and local self-government. This comprehensive approach not only diagnoses the current state but also outlines promising directions for local community development through enhanced civic participation. The study presents successful examples of interaction between the civic sector and local authorities and outlines the factors influencing the effectiveness and sustainability of civic initiatives, including digitalization, institutional capacity, and inclusivity. Generalized recommendations are provided for improving the effectiveness of cooperation between local self-government bodies and civil society institutions for the sustainable development of territorial communities.
LOCAL BORDER TRAFFIC AND BORDER SECURITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE
The Polish-Ukrainian border, as the external border of the European Union and the Schengen Area, plays a key role in ensuring security and facilitating socio-economic exchange between the two countries. This article presents the current state of border crossing points and the local border traffic (LBT) system, with particular focus on the year 2023. The study analyzes the number and distribution of border crossings, their capacity, and the dynamics of cross-border movement. Data from the Polish Border Guard Headquarters and Statistics Poland were used to compare traffic on the Ukrainian border with other external border sections of Poland (with Belarus and Russia). The findings indicate that despite ongoing modernization of border infrastructure, the number of crossing points remains insufficient, leading to excessive congestion, long queues, and time losses. The study also highlights the growing importance of LBT as a tool supporting everyday mobility of borderland residents and the socio-economic development of the region.
IMAGE AND REPUTATION CHALLENGES DURING MARTIAL LAW
The article analyzes the image and reputational challenges that Ukraine faces in the conditions of fullscale armed aggression and martial law. The occupation of part of the territories, the humanitarian crisis, the violation of international law and the constant threat to security have not only complicated the process of Ukraine’s international positioning, but also posed the need for the state to respond promptly to crisis challenges in the field of information policy. At the same time, Ukrainian experience proves that even in a crisis situation, it is possible not only to maintain, but also to develop a positive image and reputation, provided that a balanced information strategy and effective external communication are used. The focus of the study is on the key factors that determine the external perception of Ukraine in the international environment. Among them, information threats, political turbulence, as well as strategic vulnerability, caused by both military and internal socio-political processes, are of particular importance. The analysis identifies the main areas that require additional state regulation and strategic rethinking. Particular attention is paid to information support for foreign policy, which involves not only a reaction to threats, but also the proactive formation of positive meanings associated with Ukraine: stability, freedom, democracy, cultural identity, technological development.
MASS POPULAR ASSEMBLIES AS A FORM OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY OF THE UKRAINIAN POPULATION IN THE WESTERN UKRAINIAN LANDS (1923–1939)
The article examines the phenomenon of popular viche assemblies as a manifestation of direct democracy in the political and civic life of Ukrainians in the Western Ukrainian lands during 1923–1939. It analyzes the historical circumstances in which Ukrainians, having lost their own statehood after World War I, lived under foreign rule specifically Poland, Romania, and initially Hungary and later Czechoslovakia. In the context of these regimes’ limited Ukrainian representation in government and policies of national oppression, forms of direct democracy, particularly mass viche gatherings, assumed special significance. The research finds that viche assemblies became an important instrument of grassroots self-organization and political mobilization, a mode of protest against national discrimination, and a means of collectively expressing the popular will. Drawing on a range of sources, the article highlights the role of Ukrainian political parties such as the Ukrainian Radical Party (URP) and the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance (UNDO) in initiating and organizing viche meetings, and examines the response of the occupying authorities (notably the Polish government’s 1930 «pacification» campaign in Galicia). Special attention is paid to the mass viche of 1932–1933 convened in Western Ukraine in solidarity with the victims of the Holodomor famine in Soviet Ukraine, including protest resolutions addressed to the League of Nations. The article underlines that these popular assemblies served not only political purposes but also educational and consolidating functions, fostering national consciousness and upholding democratic traditions in the socio-political life of Western Ukraine. These assemblies not only gave voice to local communities but also laid the groundwork for a broader civic culture rooted in national consciousness and solidarity. Their legacy demonstrates that direct democratic practices were central to the survival and evolution of Ukrainian political identity under foreign rule.
FOREIGN POLICY IMPACT ON UKRAINE’S REPUTATIONAL CHARACTER
The article examines the peculiarity of the interaction between political parties and local governments in the context of decentralization in Ukraine. Over the past decade, Ukraine has been implementing a largescale decentralization reform, which involves the transfer of significant powers and resources to local levels. In such a transformation of the governance system, not only executive bodies but also political parties are beginning to play a significant role, which at the regional level influence the formation of local policy, personnel appointments, strategic planning and the quality of public administration in general. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the features of regional representation, the imbalance of the party system, as well as cases of political dominance of certain forces in the regions, which affects both the transparency of decisionmaking and public trust in government bodies. The problem of political fragmentation, the lack of stable party centers in the localities and the challenges associated with the personalization of politics at the local level is also revealed. The article emphasizes that decentralization in Ukraine has created unique prerequisites for the development of local democracy, but the effectiveness of this process largely depends on the level of maturity of party structures, their ability to engage in constructive dialogue with local governments, and the absence of conflict between political interests and community needs.
EVOLUTION OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNANCE MODELS: FROM CENTRALISM TO DECENTRALIZATION (SELECTED ASPECTS)
The article explores the historical and political evolution of local self-government models, focusing on the gradual transition from centralized forms of state administration to decentralized models of public governance. The authors examine the major stages in the development of local self-government across different political systems, emphasizing how perceptions of the role and functions of local communities within state structures have changed in response to shifting historical contexts, ideological frameworks, and political institutions. Special attention is given to the theoretical foundations of local self-governance, particularly the principles of subsidiarity and the distribution of authority between central and regional levels of government. The study finds that while centralized models were characteristic of the early formation of the modern state, they have increasingly given way to decentralized approaches. These emerging models more effectively respond to the challenges of contemporary political governance, the practical needs of local communities, and the broader principles of democratization. The article highlights that decentralization enhances governance efficiency, strengthens governmental accountability, promotes greater civic participation in decision-making processes, and contributes to the development of political culture at the local level. The authors conclude that successful decentralization is achievable only under conditions of political stability, clearly defined legal and institutional frameworks, and the active engagement of citizens in local governance. These factors are essential to ensuring both the sustainability and legitimacy of decentralized governance structures in transitional and democratic societies.
THE ROLE OF IDENTITY IN STATE-BUILDING PROCESSES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH
The article analyses the evolution of approaches to understanding the role of identity in state-building processes from the point of view of the institutional approach. The relationship between identity, forms institutional development and state capacity is established. In the first studies of the early stages of state formation, institutionalists hardly mentioned the role of identity in state building. Later, however, works appeared that confirm the thesis of the importance of identity politics in the formation of political institutions.When the elite, primarily the economic elite, was forced to take part in the Crusades, it contributed to the creation of extractive institutions by the rulers. The use of a wide range of quantitative and qualitative data to examine specific mechanisms has made it possible to clarify the importance of identity for the development of quality bureaucratic institutions.
LOCAL ELECTIONS IN LATVIA IN 2025: POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES
The article examines the results of the 2025 local elections in Latvia, focusing on political fragmentation, regional differences and the role of populist actors. The study is based on data on voter turnout, the structure of the party system, coalition prospects and organisational challenges of the electoral process. The author concludes that the increase in turnout is a positive sign for democratic legitimacy, but the fragmentation of the party system and regional disparities complicate the formation of stable governance. The prospects for the 2026 parliamentary elections will depend on the ability of centrist forces to counter the rise of populism by renewing their personnel and programme platforms.
The work explores current issues and problems of religious journalism in the digital age. It examines the cooperation between the Church and the media and provides examples of improving communication with believers and the audience, which contributes to the maintenance of spirituality and ethical values in the modern world. The work states that most dioceses in Ukraine have their own websites and printed publications that help popularize community life. The role and features of the formation of media content of the magazine «Nova Zorya» of the Ivano-Frankivsk Archdiocese of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, which is a powerful example of a printed and electronic publication of religious, spiritual and educational topics, were investigated. The all-Ukrainian printed publications «Dzerkalo Tyzhnia», «Den», «Vechirnii Kyiv», «Ukraina Moloda», «Uryadovy Kurier» and «Holos Ukrainy», etc. are analyzed.The article identifies the shortcomings of poor-quality religious journalism in the modern world.Recommendations have been formulated to improve the quality and responsible coverage of religious topics and for the work of specialists in the media sphere.
TRANSATLANTIC LEADERSHIP OF OBAMA AND CAMERON: IMPACT ON EU FOREIGN POLICY DECISIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE
The article analyses the transatlantic leadership of Barack Obama and David Cameron in the context of the EU’s foreign policy response to the conflict in Ukraine. It examines how strategic cooperation between the US and the UK influenced the formation of a common EU position on the annexation of Crimea, the imposition of sanctions against Russia and support for Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to the issues of Western unity, diplomatic pressure, and political mobilisation within the EU. The impact of military-technical assistance to Ukraine and the result of the lack of lethal weapons on the Russian leadership’s confidence in the impunity of its actions are assessed separately.The work is based on a comparative analysis of foreign policy initiatives, official statements, and practical actions taken by Washington and London in the period 2014–2016.
The article examines the role of local self-government as a key element in the process of Ukraine’s European integration. Local self-government is considered not only as an administrative and legal institution, but also as an important tool of intercultural communication, which allows for a sustainable dialogue between authorities and citizens, taking into account European values and the principles of subsidiarity. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory framework regulating the functioning of local self- government bodies in Ukraine, including the provisions of the Constitution, the Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government in Ukraine», as well as a number of sectoral and international documents, in particular the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. Special attention is paid to how the provisions of the Association Agreement affect the organizational and financial capacity of territorial communities, as well as the processes of decentralization of power that have been implemented in Ukraine in the last decade. Based on the analysis of current research by Ukrainian and foreign scholars, as well as the practice of functioning of local self-government bodies, the main trends and problematic aspects of their transformation in the context of European integration progress are identified. The article emphasizes that effective local self-government can not only promote social cohesion at the local level, but also strengthen democratic institutions as a whole, bringing the state closer to European standards of good governance.
THE MEANING OF A «WORD» IN THE WORLD OF CENSORSHIP: THE FUNCTIONING OF THE MEDIA UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF A TOTALITARIAN POLITICAL REGIME
In the article the peculiarities of media functioning in a totalitarian political regime have been analyzed.The features and varieties of media tools have been examined according to the mentioned totalitarian political regimes of the XX and XXI centuries. The main features and trends in the development of totalitarian political regimes have been outlined.An analysis of the views of thinkers on the interpretation of a totalitarian political regime has been carried out. Besides, the influence of the media of the totalitarian period on the literature of the last century has been found out. The attention has been focused on the methods used by totalitarian political leaders to retain their power. The peculiarity of social classes that are not influenced by the manipulative actions of biased media has been researched. The main strategies of media control by the state have been highlighted.Based on the historical, political, and cultural research, it has been established that from the very beginning of their existence, totalitarian regimes have been using the media to fulfill their goals. The example of this is the historical past of Italy and Germany. An analysis of the works of well-known scholars who in their publications focused on the peculiarities of using the media for absolute control over all spheres of society by the state apparatus has been made.It has been established that totalitarian states in different periods have used the media to implement and propagate their goals and values. As a result, information for the broader population can be transmitted only if it is positively evaluated by the authorities. It has been identified that in the modern world the greatest influence of the totalitarian regime on the media occurs in the DPRK. Thus, the article proves the truth of the assertion that the media has been a powerful means of manipulating the mass consciousness for many decades.
THE CONCEPT OF «MOBILIZATION» IN MILITARY AND SOCIAL ASPECTS
This article examines the concept of mobilization in both its military and social dimensions, emphasizing its growing relevance in the context of national security, civic engagement, and democratic resilience. Military mobilization is analyzed as a legally regulated process that ensures the systematic transformation of the economy, institutions, and human resources to operate effectively under wartime or emergency conditions.The article outlines the legal framework for mobilization in Ukraine, the constitutional and statutory duties of citizens, and the responsibilities of institutions in providing personnel and resources. The mechanisms of enforcement, penalties for non-compliance, and the role of local governance in mobilization procedures are discussed in detail.Simultaneously, the article explores social mobilization as a multifaceted process of activating civic participation, collective solidarity, and public initiative in response to political, economic, and social challenges. Drawing on the ideas of theorists such as P. Lazarsfeld, A. de Tocqueville, E. Jünger, and K. Marx, the study investigates mobilization as both a top-down instrument of state coordination and a bottom-up force of public agency. Particular attention is paid to the role of values, public trust, and social cohesion in shaping the success or failure of mobilization efforts.The research underscores that in a democratic society, mobilization should be based not only on obligation but also on voluntary participation, informed consent, and a shared sense of purpose. In the contemporary Ukrainian context, where external aggression and internal transformations intersect, the ability to mobilize society – both institutionally and organically – is vital for national survival and development.The article concludes that effective mobilization, whether military or social, requires coordinated policies, inclusive communication strategies, and a political culture that fosters responsibility, solidarity, and readiness to act in the public interest.
STATE INFORMATION POLICY AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR SHAPING UKRAINE’S IMAGE, REPUTATION, AND NATIONAL BRAND
The article explores in detail the theoretical and conceptual foundations of state information policy, which plays a key role in shaping a positive image, stable reputation, and recognizable national brand both within the country and on the international stage. The study analyzes current scholarly approaches to defining the content, functions, and objectives of this policy, as well as its contribution to safeguarding national interests and strengthening Ukraine’s international subjectivity. Particular attention is given to the concepts of «national brand», «political image», and «state reputation», which are considered integral components of strategic communication.The research emphasizes the importance of the interconnection between state information policy and the processes of national branding, especially in the context of globalization, increasing information competition, and the rise of hybrid threats. The image and reputation of the state are outlined as key elements of the soft power toolkit that contribute to effective positioning in the international arena and enhance the country’s recognizability among other global political actors. The article substantiates the need to develop a coherent system of strategic communications within the framework of public diplomacy, aimed at fostering trust in state institutions, creating a favorable information environment around Ukraine, and supporting its positive image in the long term.
POLITICAL VALUES AS THE BASIS OF THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF SOCIETY
The article analyzes political values as the basis of the political culture of society. It is noted that political values are a set of political ideas, landmarks, perceptions, and knowledge that guide and motivate political activity and the behavior of political subjects. The main methodological approaches to the study of political values are analyzed, in particular, activity-based, cultural-based, etc. It is noted that political culture is an element of the political system, which in the process of spiritual and practical activity of an individual or society as a whole produces a system of values, needs, views, interests, knowledge. It is emphasized that political culture determines the level of political consciousness, behavior of the state, society and individuals.
SOCIOLOGY OF PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS: POLITICAL DISCOURSE AND PUBLIC OPINION IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of public communications in the formation of political discourse and public opinion in the conditions of the information society. The conceptual aspects of public communications, their function in ensuring communication between the authorities and civil society, as well as the influence of digital media on the processes of political communication and the construction of public sentiment are considered. A review of theoretical approaches to the definition of the concepts of «public communication», «political discourse» and «public opinion» is carried out, attention is focused on the features of the information society, where information and technologies become key resources. A theoretical analysis of the relationship between public discourse and public opinion is carried out through the prism of communication networks and new media, the importance of information manipulation and social networks is emphasized. The results of the study allow us to outline the prospects for further research in the field of political communication and the sociology of public opinion.
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON PR AND ADVERTISING IN NEW MEDIA
The article attempts to study the transformational impact of artificial intelligence on the spheres of public relations (PR) and advertising in the context of the use of the latest media technologies. Attention is paid to the analysis of the main aspects of artificial intelligence application, such as automation of content creation, personalised targeting, monitoring and analytical processes in the media. The author also notes the changes in the professional role of communication specialists, as well as the ethical and social challenges associated with the introduction of AI technologies.
GOVERNMENT-OPPOSITION RELATIONS IN UKRAINE UNDER MARTIAL LAW
This article examines the characteristics of government-opposition relations in Ukraine under conditions of martial law. Based on the analyzed data, it is shown that the preservation of democratic procedures during wartime depends on a combination of legal continuity, parliamentary institutional capacity, and the presence of channels for public oversight. Special attention is given to the transformation of parliamentary practice toward a shift from a confrontational to a cooperative model of oppositional behaviour, based on support for key defence decisions while engaging in constructive criticism within procedural standards.The study analyzes the impact of martial law on the reduction of political competition, the adaptation of political parties to new functional tasks, and the limitations imposed on opposition instruments. At the same time, it is demonstrated that parliamentary oversight, committee work, mechanisms for submitting amendments, and opposition participation in supervisory structures remain key channels for minority influence on decision- making. The article emphasizes that the legitimacy of state authority is maintained not through restricting the opposition, but by ensuring procedural transparency, rhythmic oversight, and a legal order that serves as a «security framework».It is further suggested that the post-war phase will require a profound restructuring of the party landscape, strengthening managerial competence, and a gradual return to a fully functional electoral process based on inclusiveness, security, open competition, and democratic accountability. In conclusion, the author asserts that under conditions of war, democratic accountability and the efficiency of governance can coexist effectively, provided that procedural balance is maintained and the opposition is involved in the formulation of key decisions.
ASYMMETRY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS WITHIN THE CONCEPTUAL FIELD OF LIBERAL THEORY
The article explores the concepts of asymmetry within the liberal tradition. It focuses on how international cooperation, liberal institutionalism, economic interdependence, and democratic peace theory address the issue of disproportion in interstate relations. It examines criticisms of liberal theory of international relations and demonstrates its value for understanding international relations. Asymmetry in international relations is a persistent phenomenon that shapes the interaction between states of different power, resources, and influence. While realist and constructivist approaches often emphasize the role of power imbalances and identity formation, liberal theory provides a detailed framework for analyzing asymmetry through institutional cooperation, economic interdependence, and the spread of democratic norms. Particular attention is paid to how the liberal paradigm explains the uneven distribution of influence among states, the rise of global inequality, and the role of international organizations in regulating asymmetric relations. The question of criticism of liberal theory from the side of realism is raised, emphasizing that liberal mechanisms, despite their progressive nature, do not always effectively eliminate international imbalances, and in some cases can contribute to their deepening. Despite the desire of liberalism to create a system of equal relations between states, asymmetry is an objective reality and an integral element of modern international relations.