BICAMERALISM IN THE PARLIAMENTS OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: HISTORICAL TRADITIONS, CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES, AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Abstract

The article analyzes bicameralism in the parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe, focusing on its historical traditions, contemporary challenges, and development prospects. The genesis of bicameral parliaments in the region is studied with particular emphasis on their formation under the influence of social, political, and cultural factors. The role of upper chambers in ensuring representation of regional, social, and political interests, as well as in preventing power concentration in transitional political systems, is highlighted. The article employs a comprehensive approach that combines comparative historical analysis, institutional methodology, and scenario forecasting. The primary functions of upper chambers, their interaction with lower chambers and the executive branch, and the influence of European integration processes on the transformation of bicameralism are examined. Particular attention is given to contemporary challenges such as political polarization, decentralization reforms, threats of authoritarianism, and the need to ensure democratic resilience. The author analyzes key aspects of bicameralism in countries like Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Romania, offering recommendations for improving the effectiveness of parliamentary systems in the region. The research demonstrates that despite the difficulties, bicameralism remains a crucial element of political stability, maintaining a balance of interests, and enhancing the quality of the legislative process in Central and Eastern Europe.